PSW abbreviation stands for Process Status Word. Process Description and Control - Download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt). Also called a task Execution of an individual program Can be interrupted 1 Chapter 2.1 : Processes Process concept Process concept Process scheduling Process scheduling Interprocess communication Interprocess communication Threads. Published byKathlyn Goodman Modified 10 months ago Embed Download presentation. The Microsoft Supplier Program (MSP) makes it easy for Microsoft employees to work globally with a prequalified, select group of suppliers—and for suppliers such as you to work with us. The objective is to make working with Microsoft beneficial to all. A status register, flag register, or condition code register is a collection of status flag bits for a processor. An example is the FLAGS register of the x86 architecture or flags in a program status word (PSW) register. The status register is a hardware register that. Program status word (PSW) A collection of information that encapsulates the basic execution state of a program at any instant. It permits an interrupted process to resume operation after the interrupt has been handled. The information is held in the program status.
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Helpful, trusted answers from doctors: Dr. Namey on strength training for badminton: Once you start to build adult levels of sex hormones and your growth hormone production is your life's peak, then d the like.Is the time. Badminton is a popular fast-paced indoor sport. The fitness training for badminton should focus on speed. As with any training program. Strength Training Programs for Hypertrophy, Power & Sport. Sport- specific strength training programs are fundamental to an athlete's development and success. Long gone are the days when coaches shunned weight lifting for fear that it might hinder the performance of fine skill and correct technique. It's now accepted that high levels of strength are a prerequisite to superior speed, power, strength endurance and overall sporting performance. Discover our tennis training program that will help improve your all round fitness and includes workouts and advice that will help your racket game. Badminton training rackets are used to help build wrist strength. The most commonly used training rackets/racquets weight between 120-150 grams. How do players use badminton training rackets/racquets? Badminton Training - Want a Faster Smash, Deeper Backhand, More Stamina and Speed Around Court - Unique Badminton Training Program Shows You How. Build Power and Strength. Build explosive strength and power for badminton via a regular weight training program. For example, a program tailored to badminton players can be structured over the course of four months, according. This Badminton training program is guaranteed to give you an instant advantage over your closest rivals.Unfortunately, most strength training programs fall well short of what an athlete requires.. Bodybuilding and Olympic weightlifting programs still dominate many athletes' training regimes. While these types of training have their place, strength training for sport consists of a more refined approach than simply lifting heavy weights as many times as possible. This article outlines the concept and the benefits of a periodized strength training plan. This is the most effective approach to strength training for sport. Not only does it help in the prevention of over training, it gives the athlete the best chance of peaking physically at the right time. Exercise Selection. The principle of specificity states that training should mirror the demands of the sport as closely as possible (1). This applies not only to way the body's energy systems and neuromuscular system is taxed (through manipulation of intensity and rest intervals etc) but also to the movement patterns of each exercise. Bodybuilders tend to isolate a muscle group and work it to exhaustion. Athletes on the other hand should train movements rather than muscles. A simple example is the vertical jump. The muscles involved in this action (calves, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals etc.) could be trained separately with exercise choices such as toe raises, leg extensions, leg curls, kickbacks and so on. A more appropriate exercise however is a barbell squat, which closely matches the movement pattern of the vertical jump. Taken a step further, jump squats are even more specific to jumping and it's not surprising that they increase vertical jump performance to the greatest extent (4). Athletes must divide their time and energy amongst various types of training - endurance, strength and power, speed and agility, tactical etc., and find the time to recover! By choosing only the most appropriate resistance exercises volume can be kept to a minimum saving energy for other types of training. This has led many coaches to incorporate Olympic weight lifting into their strength training programs, almost without question. The rationale is that just a few Olympic lifts will build all- round strength and power. Whilst exercise such as power cleans can be beneficial to some athletes, for many there are more specific and more appropriate options (2). Many of the sample strength training programs within this section of the website consist of relatively few exercises. This is deliberate and while it may seem unbalanced at first glance, it takes into account other training the athlete is expected to complete. Different Types of Strength Training. Unlike bodybuilding, where the only aim is to increase the size and appearance of muscles, strength training programs for sport ultimately must develop either explosive power or muscular endurance (2). However, rather than immediately embarking on a program to improve either or both of these fitness components, a more effective approach is to first build a solid foundation.. Basic Strength. Basic strength training programs adapt the body for more strenuous resistance training later on. It's objective is to prepare the body by targeting all of the major muscle groups, tendons, ligaments and joints helping to prevent injury (2). The less experienced an athlete is, the more time they will need to spend developing foundational strength before progressing onto more advanced forms of resistance training. But even experienced athletes should set aside some time during the year to complete a phase of basic strength training. It can help to redress some of the muscle imbalances that inherently occur with competitive sport. Hypertrophy. Some athletes will benefit from increasing their lean body mass by adding extra muscle bulk. However, the number of athletes that require hypertrophy training or a phase of bodybuilding is far fewer than most would expect. Larger muscles are not necessarily stronger and more weight - even lean, active weight - can be a hindrance in many sports. Maximal Strength. Bodybuilders have exceptional muscle mass but they are typically bigger than they are strong. Maximal strength training programs do not necessarily increase the size of a muscle (hypertrophy) but they do lead to neuromuscular adaptations that are favourable to most athletes. Even endurance athletes can benefit from maximal strength training (5,6). Explosive Power. Just as an athlete can be extremely muscular and lack an associated level of strength, they can also be exceptionally strong but lack significant power. Most athletic movements occur much more rapidly and demand significantly more power than lifting maximal loads. If maximal strength is not converted into sport- specific power, athletic performance will not improve - certainly not to the extent that it could. Muscular Endurance. While many sports are dominated by powerful, explosive actions some athletes are required to overcome a relatively low resistance but for a prolonged period of time. Just as power athletes should convert maximal strength into explosive power, endurance athletes should aim to convert maximal strength into muscular endurance. Of course, many team sports require a combination of the two - power and strength endurance - and developing both simultaneously without one negating the other requires careful consideration. The Periodization of Strength. To promote long term training improvements and avoid over training, an overall training program can be split into specific periods, each with their own objectives and set of training parameters. This concept is called periodization and it is the most effective approach to planning strength training programs for sport. The overall training program (usually taken as one year long) can be split into set periods and usually consist of the: Preparation Period (Pre- season)Competition Period (In- season)Transition Period (Off / closed- season)By co- ordinating the different elements of a strength training program with the phases of a typical season, the athlete can reach a peak for the start of the competitive season and most important parts of year. Just as an overall season is split into distinct periods or phases so is the development of sport- specific strength. As mentioned earlier, it makes sense to develop certain types of strength before others. Here are the phases, in order, of an overall strength training program (which also lasts a year) and how they should coincide with phases of a typical season above: Phase 1 - Basic Strength. Training for many sports can have an unbalancing effect on the body's musculoskeletal system. One side of the body may become stronger than the other, agonists may be overly strong compared to antagonists and smaller muscle groups are often neglected. Left unchecked these imbalances can compound and may lead to chronic and acute injury. A period of basic strength training should occur at the start of the preparation period (early pre- season). For less experienced athletes it may be necessary to start during the transition period (closed season). Phase 2 - Maximum Strength / Hypertrophy. Most athletes benefit from a period of maximal strength training. The length of this phase will vary depending on the sport. Strength and power athletes will spend more time in this phase compared to endurance athletes for example. If a period of hypertrophy training is required (i. To be effective however, this general base of strength must converted into sport- specific power or muscular endurance or both. The conversion of maximal strength occurs late in the preparation phase and may continue into the start of the competitive season. Phase 4 - Maintenance. When strength training stops the benefits gained previously quickly diminish. In order to avoid this detraining effect a certain level of conditioning is required to maintain the gains made in the preparation phase. Fortunately, the volume required to maintain strength is less than that required to build it. But with the onset of competitive matches and events, plus a greater emphasis on tactical and skill- based training, less time is available for strength conditioning and sufficient recovery. The maintenance phase occurs throughout the competitive season. Phase 5 - Active Recovery. Following a strenuous season, a break from structured training and the rigours of competition is crucial for physical and mental respite. This can mean a complete break from all types of strength training programs for several weeks. Any longer than 3- 4 weeks however, and fitness, particularly strength and power, diminishes rapidly. The active recovery phase occurs in the transition period (off / closed season). Here are two sport- specific examples of how the various phases of strength training may occur in an annual plan: Some sports do not have one continuous season. Swimmers for example, may have two competitive phases during the year. Boxers may need to prepare for several bouts in a year - each bout being the competitive phase. You will find more detailed strength training programs (covering the different types of strength) within this section of the site. See also the sport- specific sections for strength training programs designed specifically for that sport. References for Strength Training Programs. Baechle TR and Earle RW. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Bompa TO. 1. 99. 9 Periodization Training for Sports. Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics. Fleck SJ and Kraemer WJ. Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics. Wilson GJ, Newton RU, Murphy AJ, Humphries BJ. The optimal training load for the development of dynamic athletic performance.
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Sign in to add this video to a playlist. DO NOT UNINSTALL INSTALLOUS!! This is an alternative to installous, but it's even better!! Upgrade a jailbroken iPhone. Do not do anything else. Besides, I haven’t heard. From here, you can install Cydia, which lets you install jailbreak applications. There is an option to install Rock or Icy as well, which are Cydia alternatives. Congratulations, you have your iPod Touch 3.1.2 jailbreak up and. The Best Safari Alternatives for iPad; The Best Safari Alternatives for iPad. There is, unfortunately, one. Free Chrome has garnered. Things like Jailbreaking, Cydia Unlocking, are not old for your, by composing this post which will attempt to clarify and show you throughout the items you must understand, and we have made a decision to get it more easy for every one of us. What’s Cydia? Well I will answer that for you personally. Cydia is a program which makes your average everyday apple idevice look like whatever you would like it to be, your common stock can be taken by cydia i. Phone, i. Pod or i. Pad and allow it to be appear to be a windows phone as well as an android telephone. Cydia has lots of information from simple tweaks like boot logos and display sliders to complicated information like tweaks tweaks for siri for springboard,, call recorders. The stuf that is trendy is that cydia is free for most and download programs, sources and tweaks are downloadable for free also. To download and install cydia you must jailbreak i. Pad your i. Phone or i. Pod touch. You can’t only install and download cydia. Cydia is unavailable in the Apple App. Store. What’s why you’d get it done and jailbreaking? So? You must get root access so that you can utilize the full potential of your idevice. This means for one to get administrative rights on i. Pad your i. Phone or i. Pod touch. Regardless of what other say, this can’t be done; watch out for the ones that assert since that might be a scam. Cydia can simply be set up as a jailbreak choice, because you are really given the possibility to install Cydia mechanically by a large proportion of the jailbreak processes. To clear all this problems attempt optimizing cydia. Do you know the jailbreak groups? You will find three types of jailbreak readily available tethered semi jailbreak – jailbreak that is tethered and jailbreak that is untethered, each of the letting you as a user degrees of freedom that are specific. What does which is the right choice for me and each type? Certainly the most effective type is the jailbreak that is untethered, as it enables you as a user to restart i. Pad your i. Phone or i. Pod Touch when you need without restrictions and with complete access to any or all the third party programs that you’ve installed. The semi- tethered jailbreak enables users to reboot their i. OS device; before you stop up your i. OS device to your own pc, complete access being accessible later, but a number of the downloaded jailbreak programs might not be readily available to be used. The jailbreak alternative that is tethered restricts your power if isn’t connected to your own pc to reboot your i. OS apparatus. To put it simply, you can just reboot your Apple device if it is linked. What tools can I use to jailbreak i. Pad my i. Phone or i. Pod Touch? The views on this particular issue are distinct: some say that programs downloaded from Cydia are fluid, others report crashing, yet others say that there is nothing incorrect. The first thing you must realize is you will have 5 tablatures accessible: House: here you’ll find account info, sponsored programs, sources F. A. Q. This section is upgraded each time Cydia opens. Handle: Here it is possible to handle your applications that are installed, add and remove apps that are installed and repositories, in addition to get the whole storage of your device. Search: If you’re looking for a specific tweak and its name is already known by you also, without being forced to go through each of the repositories you’ve installed in your Cydia program, it is possible to seek in this tablature in order to find it. What’s a repository? A repository as some may call it, or repo is a web- based hub where the developers’ tweaks are shared by they for setup and fast access. Some are focused on groups like games, programs, tweaks as well as ringtones. Are you able to buy programs from Cydia? There are a lot of that require payment to be able to bring that little extra to your own i. OS apparatus while the very fact that a large part of the Cydia programs can be found for free download, remains accurate. We are aware that this seems difficult in the beginning, but trust us it is not. While we recognize that there are lots of tweaks and programs to pick from, we’ve put together an inventory that can help you to the start of your journey. Cydia. Blog. com apps: ISleep. Well: a tweak that uses the hardware detectors embedded in your i. OS apparatus turn off all of the radios when the unit is placed down on a surface and to find the orientation of your apparatus. Essentially your apparatus is going to take Airplane mode if you’re intending to sleep or when you go right into a meeting. Clipboard. Edit: a tweak that can make a fresh section. Text in the clipboard exhibited and will probably be mechanically read. However , this tweak is not going to work with pictures. This tweak is not unavailable at the same time but for free. Assistant. Extensions: it’s a tweak that is very useful if you’re an i. Phone 5 or i. Phone 4. S user, since this tweak can boost the choices available when using Siri. It’s founded on Mobile. Substrate and it enables the extensions of the tweak to increase. It’s recommended that you constantly keep this tweak updated. If you’re not certain of the cydia repos it is possible to locate this tweak in, just make use of the Search tool we described previously. ILettars: a useful tweak that enables one to personalize the length of the cartoons and make them as quickly or as slow as you would like, to meet your visual demands. Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
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Also you can Download this “UNIX Interview Questions With Answers” as a PDF file. The execlp call overlays the existing program with the new one , runs that and exits. The original program gets back control only when an error occurs. What are the various schemes available? The term IPC (Inter- Process Communication) describes various ways by which different process running on some operating system communicate between each other. Various schemes available are as follows: Pipes: One- way communication scheme through which different process can communicate. The problem is that the two processes should have a common ancestor (parent- child relationship). However this problem was fixed with the introduction of named- pipes (FIFO). Message Queues : Message queues can be used between related and unrelated processes running on a machine. 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Certification Path are 4000 ip office basic. It is easier to implementation and overhead to the system. Swapping systems does not handle the memory more flexibly as compared to the paging systems. Paging: Only the required memory pages are moved to main memory from the swap device for execution. Process size does not matter. Gives the concept of the virtual memory. It provides greater flexibility in mapping the virtual address space into the physical memory of the machine. Allows more number of processes to fit in the main memory simultaneously. Allows the greater process size than the available physical memory. Demand paging systems handle the memory more flexibly. Historic Unix uses one Swap Device and Unix System V allow multiple Swap Devices. Fault handlers sleep in the context of the process that caused the memory fault. The fault refers to the running process and no arbitrary processes are put to sleep. This happens when the swapping system identifies any invalid memory reference. A process also incur the protection fault when it attempts to write a page whose copy on write bit was set during the fork() system call. After copying the Kernel updates the page table entry with the new page number. Then Kernel decrements the reference count of the old pfdata table entry. In cases like, where the copy on write bit is set and no processes are sharing the page, the Kernel allows the physical page to be reused by the processes. By doing so, it clears the copy on write bit and disassociates the page from its disk copy (if one exists), because other process may share the disk copy. Then it removes the pfdata table entry from the page- queue as the new copy of the virtual page is not on the swap device. It decrements the swap- use count for the page and if count drops to 0, frees the swap space. Kernel handles the validity fault and the process will incur the protection fault if any one is present. It recalculates the process- priority and checks for signals. If the sum of the working sets of all processes is greater that the physical memory then the fault handler will usually sleep because it cannot allocate pages for a process. This results in the reduction of the system throughput because Kernel spends too much time in overhead, rearranging the memory in the frantic pace. And on a page fault the kernel updates the working set by reading the page from the secondary device. They are,– Page table entries,– Disk block descriptors,– Page frame data table (pfdata),– Swap- use table. Thus, device files and other files are named and accessed in the same way. The inode contains info about the file- size, its location, time of last access, time of last modification, permission and so on. Directories are also represented as files and have an associated inode. In addition to descriptions about the file, the inode contains pointers to the data blocks of the file. If the file is large, inode has indirect pointer to a block of pointers to additional data blocks (this further aggregates for larger files). A block is typically 8k. Inode consists of the following fields: – File owner identifier– File type– File access permissions– File access times– Number of links– File size– Location of the file data. A directory is a special file that the kernel maintains. Only kernel modifies directories, but processes can read directories. The contents of a directory are a list of filename and inode number pairs. When new directories are created, kernel makes two entries named . Links can be used to assign more than one name to a file, but cannot be used to assign a directory more than one name or link filenames on different computers. Symbolic link . One of the most obvious is that the parent can get the exit status of the child. To be able to get this information, the parent calls `wait()’; In the interval between the child terminating and the parent calling `wait()’, the child is said to be a `zombie’ (If you do `ps’, the child will have a `Z’ in its status field to indicate this.)3. Unix processes have the following states: Running : The process is either running or it is ready to run . Waiting : The process is waiting for an event or for a resource. Stopped : The process has been stopped, usually by receiving a signal. Zombie : The process is dead but have not been removed from the process table. This environment contains everything needed for the system to run the program as if no other program were running on the system. Each process has process context, which is everything that is unique about the state of the program you are currently running. Every time you execute a program the UNIX system does a fork, which performs a series of operations to create a process context and then execute your program in that context. The steps include the following: – Allocate a slot in the process table, a list of currently running programs kept by UNIX.– Assign a unique process identifier (PID) to the process.– i. Copy the context of the parent, the process that requested the spawning of the new process.– Return the new PID to the parent process. This enables the parent process to examine or control the process directly. After the fork is complete, UNIX runs your program. This creates a new process that the shell will use to run the ls program. The shell has UNIX perform an exec of the ls program. This replaces the shell program and data with the program and data for ls and then starts running that new program. The ls program is loaded into the new process context, replacing the text and data of the shell. The ls program performs its task, listing the contents of the current directory. It can also be defined as the background process that does not belong to a terminal session. Many system functions are commonly performed by daemons, including the sendmail daemon, which handles mail, and the NNTP daemon, which handles USENET news. Many other daemons may exist. Some of the most common daemons are: – init: Takes over the basic running of the system when the kernel has finished the boot process.– inetd: Responsible for starting network services that do not have their own stand- alone daemons. For example, inetd usually takes care of incoming rlogin, telnet, and ftp connections.– cron: Responsible for running repetitive tasks on a regular schedule. The information given are the process identification number (PID),the amount of time that the process has taken to execute so far etc. The PID of a process can be got using . At the end of the command you add the special background symbol, &. This symbol tells your shell to execute the given command in the background. Example: cp *.* ./backup& (cp is for copy)4. Regions are sharable among the process. If the reference count becomes zero, swaps the region out of the main memory,– Kernel allocates the space for the swapping process in the swap device,– Kernel locks the other swapping process while the current swapping operation is going on,– The Kernel saves the swap address of the region in the region table. Give reason. Process before swapping is residing in the primary memory in its original form. The regions (text, data and stack) may not be occupied fully by the process, there may be few empty slots in any of the regions and while swapping Kernel do not bother about the empty slots while swapping the process out. After swapping the process resides in the swap (secondary memory) device. The regions swapped out will be present but only the occupied region slots but not the empty slots that were present before assigning. While swapping the process once again into the main memory, the Kernel referring to the Process Memory Map, it assigns the main memory accordingly taking care of the empty slots in the regions. This is local to the Process, i. When the parent process calls fork() system call, the child process is created and if there is short of memory then the child process is sent to the read- to- run state in the swap device, and return to the user state without swapping the parent process. When the memory will be available the child process will be swapped into the main memory. To do this Kernel reserves enough space in the swap device. Then the address translation mapping is adjusted for the new virtual address space but the physical memory is not allocated. At last Kernel swaps the process into the assigned space in the swap device. The Swapper operates only in the Kernel mode and it does not uses System calls instead it uses internal Kernel functions for swapping. It is the archetype of all kernel process. |
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January 2017
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